high ranking official (old); term of endearment between spouses (old); (from the Tang Dynasty onwards) term used by the emperor for his subjects (old); honorific (old)

branch of study; administrative section; division; field; branch; stage directions; family (taxonomy); rules; laws; to mete out (punishment); to levy (taxes etc.); to fine sb

science; scientific knowledge; scientific; rational

science and technology

surgery (branch of medicine)

minister of the imperial stud, originally charged with horse breeding

the nine top officials (in imperial China)

high-ranking officials in the court of a Chinese emperor