(completed action marker); (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now); (modal particle intensifying preceding clause)

for; for the purpose of; in order to

extremely; exceedingly

apart from; besides; in addition to (used to exclude, as in 除了他，除了他，谁也没来[chu2 le5 ta1 , shei2 ye3 mei2 lai2] "apart from him, nobody came", or to include, as in 除了英語，除了英语，他也会法语[chu2 le5 Ying1 yu3 , ta1 ye3 hui4 Fa3 yu3] "in addition to English, he also knows French"); (used to introduce one of two habitual alternatives in the pattern 除了 + A + 就是 + B, "either A or B")

to understand; to realize; to find out

to be finished; to be done for; ruined; gone to the dogs; oh no

modal particle indicating (that's all, only, nothing much)

(emphatically, in rhetorical questions) possible